Double Standards in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Double Standards in the Workplace - Essay Example It will also address disingenuous attempts to cover-up or explain away this double standard.   As an initial matter, â€Å"existing national statistics support a view that Corporate America is not a gender-balanced playing field† (Murphy, 2001). Women today constitute more than half of the workforce, but they don’t even account for five percent of all business executives. In terms of compensation, women managers, on average, earn only 68% of what similarly qualified and employed male managers earn. In addition to these huge disparities in terms of upward mobility and compensation, women are also quite commonly the victims of sexual harassment; in fact, statistics indicate that nearly 75% of women claim to have been sexually harassed at the workplace. There is also a qualitative double standard in operation. Women managers, for instance, are more often burdened with non-management administrative tasks than are their male counterparts. In short, there is plenty of statistical evidence to support the proposition that a double standard based on gender is real and substantial.   Some have argued, however, that these statistics are misleading. The National Organization for Men, to cite a well-known example, has argued that women have used this double standard notion as a political tool to gain the upper hand in workplace negotiations involving matters such as compensation and promotion (2005). They cite a recent censure of Harvard President, Larry Summers, who was justifiably attacked for suggesting that men are superior to women in science as his rationale for preferring men to women in the field of science. Strangely enough, the issue isn’t free speech. President Summers is free to offer his opinion.

Angel in the House Virgina Woolf Essay Example for Free

Angel in the House Virgina Woolf Essay Virginia Woolf was an English author. She was a feminist, publisher, essayist and critic. Woolf commonly acquired female authors Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte. Woolf analyses women and their struggles as artists, their position in literary history and need for independence in her works of literature. Woolf’s short story â€Å"Angel in the House† has a deeper meaning then just a female author sharing pointers and stories on how she succeeded in her career to another woman trying to become a successful professional. These personal encounters and struggles the author in the story discusses with the other women really expose how different women’s jobs were compared to men’s and recognizes that different approaches needed to be made by a woman in order to do well in her occupation. Women were not to be perceived more superior then men. The speaker of the story is clearly Virginia in Angel in the House. The fact that the woman in the story is a female author and continuously compares how being a professional woman is much harder than people consider it to be makes it obvious to the reader that Virginia is the speaker. She begins by sarcastically discusses how easy being a writer is and that she is unsure why someone recommended her to give advice on being successful because her job is so easy. The author says â€Å"to show how little I deserve to be a professional women how little I know of the struggles and difficulties of such lives, I have to admit instead of spending that sum upon bread, butter, shoes, stockings or butcher bills I went out and bought a cat†(Woolf 109). She starts off speaking about her profession in this manner because that was how men felt about being a professional author or critic or essayist. They believed that job was stress free. If this was an author who was a man though he would of never spoke down about his job like that, but it was strictly because it was a women doing it that they felt this way about the work. After talking down about being a professional writer, the author starts to tell the other women about inner struggles she has had to deal with in her profession. Inner struggles that men were not aware of. She speaks about a phantom that she named the Angel in the house. This phantom angel is referred to by the author as a she; she was pure, charming, sympathetic and selfless. This angel in the house made the author feel guilty for having her own opinion and personality. This phantom wanted every woman to have the same morals and characteristics as her. She was what a woman was supposed to act and think like especially in a society that men ruled. The narrator states she had to kill the angel in the house in order to become successful in her profession. This angel wanted to pluck the heart out of the authors writing, basically wanting it to be average and appropriate incase a man were to read it. Women who obeyed the angel and acted as she did were not living up to their fullest potential, allowing the men to outshine them. A woman does not discover herself until she kills that phantom, forgets what men expect and follow her own intuition no matter what.

Social Work Methods and Theories

Social Work Methods and Theories This essay will consist of four main parts. In part one; the essay will give a brief introduction and history to social work theories and methods. Moving forward the essay will look at the importance and value of theories and methods in relation to social work and how it informs practice. Throughout, reference will be made to the most popular theorist. Part two will consider how social work theories and methods can be successfully applied in the drug and alcohol field. Given an overview of this, it will be necessary to demonstrate how two social work methods are chosen, and applied, in the intervention of an example case study. Where applicable, contributions from service users will be used to bring more insight and balance to the essay. Part three will be an analysis of a social work method used in the example case study. From the method, the essay will explore and evaluate, in depth, the way it underpins anti-discriminatory practice. Part four of this essay will conclude with a reflection on how the student has gained a valuable knowledge base throughout the module and assignment. This reflection will also show how the student will use this knowledge base in practice. No reflection would be complete without a concise look at how reflective practice can play a vital part of future social work practice. An initial risk assessment was carried out by the referral worker, in the vein of a questioning model to identify possible risks and dangers to staff and other service users, however as discussed by Smale, Tuson and Statham (2000) taking a strengths based approach would allow referral workers and key workers to work as collaborators, facilitating service users to identify needs and outcomes. During intervention with Mr AB sessions, in the form of an exchange model, were carried out endeavoring that further assessment became a process of dialogue rather than just a fact finding mission with the exchanging of ideas and information. This approach is compatible with the framework of task centered practice, appropriate with this intervention (Ford Postle, 2000) Key work sessions started with Mr AB and from the outset the process was explained and the objectives made clear, it was also explained to Mr AB that due to company policies, and his terms and conditions of stay in the night shelter, these sessions were time limited so a positive ending to the professional relationship was hoped for. It was also considered that this approach would reduce the power imbalance in the relationship; however the power will never be fully balanced when working within legislative and multi agency procedures (Parker Bradley, 2008) However as stated by Dalymple Burke (2000) it is necessary to endeavour to empower rather then disempowere with the need to balance power relationships. In this instance this can be evidenced by the written agreements in the form of the assessment and support plan . Weekly key worker sessions agreed to by Mr AB provided further support as required and opportunity to review whether desired outcomes were being achieved, as in the National Occupational Standards Key Role and outlined by Supporting People and the agency policy and procedures (ODPM, 2004). (Walker Beckett, 2007). It is also necessary to not only collect information as part of the key worker sessions but to balance findings in order to produce an overall analysis of risks and need (Walker Beckett, 2007). Throughout the assessment procedure it is necessary to be aware of the influences of ethics, power, and professionalism along with anti- oppressive practice. Middleton (1997) states that in order to empower, it is necessary to respect the individual, enhance their strengths and coping abilities. It is therefore vital that key worker sessions be conducted with a non judgmental attitude. While acknowledging the key worker has different values and status to Mr AB showing acceptance to people in all situations can be difficult however as stated in by Carl Rogers (1951, 1961) the human psychologist the person should show they are genuine, and portray empathy and warmth. It become apparent as key worker sessions continued that Mr AB was reluctant to engage with this service as he was in pre contemplation (Denial) (Prowchaska Di Clamentis 1996). However, the threat of eviction if he did not adhere to his conditions of stay was a considerable worry to Mr AB as was the thought of becoming homeless and having to sleep rough. It is very important to remember that as key working intervenes in the lives of vulnerable people these people have the right not to be victims of untested and possible harmful interventions. This confirms the need of understanding how theory relates to practice and learning from research and evidence based practice (Rutter, 2006) This confirms Maslow (1970) who shows in his hierarchy of need, that before higher needs can be met basic needs are required to be in place. Therefore to allow Mr AB to move forward in his life he requires support to start a procces to put these needs in place (Giddens, 2006). Mr AB during his key work sessions discussed his feelings and it was felt by him that no opportunities were open to him and that he was struggling against a society that was oppressive and keeping him down. It was pointed out to Mr AB that his position in society was that of a lifestyle choice, that society is changing to support people to progress and that choices were open to him (Giddens, 2006) ). It is however necessary to acknowledge as stated by Bronfenbrenner (1979) that different levels of society will influence the individuals life course. Also stated by Jack and Jack (2000) individuals are products of their environment and can never be fully understood separately from one another. As stated by Crawford Walker (2005) transitions have the potential to be stressful even those that are planned and welcomed. As the intervention process progressed and the support plan auctioned positive outcomes including building on self confidence which led to Mr AB seeking and securing part time employment Doel (1994) states that service user motivation may weaken and it was therefore important to continue supporting and encouraging Mr ABS interest and commitment to work. By adopting a model that worked with service users strengths helped to ensure that an anti oppressive focus was maintained. . Using task centered practice as discussed by Ford Postle (2009) goals were set which would support the researching and attending of courses which provide basic computer skills, with the attainment of each goal aimed to promote self-confidence and further motivation (Rooney Larsen, 1997). Subsequently in this instance the planned ending and outcomes have not been realized, with events determining an alternate course of action (Walker Beckett, 2007). The first part of this essay will lookÂÂ  at the relationship between social work methods and substance abuse Denial can also be explained as a defence mechanism whichÂÂ  is establishedÂÂ  by aÂÂ  person when there is aÂÂ  dangerÂÂ  that heÂÂ  or she will become aware of or actÂÂ  onÂÂ  unconsciousÂÂ  primitive impulses that areÂÂ  unacceptableÂÂ  (Freud, 1967). ). Knatz (1999) states that denial is a defense mechanism by which individuals are able to cope with unpleasant realities. Be aware that the term alcoholism implies disease/condition.ÂÂ  IfÂÂ  youÂÂ  use the term alcoholism in assignments, be sure toÂÂ  establishÂÂ  that youÂÂ  meanÂÂ  to say alcoholism and not alcohol dependency ). IfÂÂ  youÂÂ  useÂÂ  generalÂÂ  references around statistics on alcohol, try to refer to British statistics, you could use National Treatment Agency website reports, Office of National Statistics (ONS), NICE guidelines on treatment of alcoholÂÂ  dependencyÂÂ  for British/UK data, all available on line LetsÂÂ  giveÂÂ  theÂÂ  wordÂÂ  relationshipÂÂ  a different definition from the dictionaries, forÂÂ  unlocking theÂÂ  meaningÂÂ  of theÂÂ  wordÂÂ  often leadsÂÂ  to greater understanding.ÂÂ  -ÂÂ  tooÂÂ  colloquial, would be better to state, The word relationship has varied definitions from different sources of literature. Conflict is aÂÂ  partÂÂ  of most every interpersonal relationship.ÂÂ  ThereforeÂÂ  it could be stated that managing conflict,ÂÂ  is importantÂÂ  if the relationship is to beÂÂ  long-lastingÂÂ  and rewarding.ÂÂ  Jason and Beth have numerous conflicts and barriers which prevent them from having a more effective relationship.ÂÂ  Interpersonal relationships and communication (is a two-way street), too colloquial, say have mutuality Beth and Jason seemÂÂ  to rarely communicateÂÂ  between each other, aÂÂ  furtherÂÂ  factor which appears to contribute to the disintegration of their relationship. It can give rise to greater anxiety, depression,ÂÂ  insomnia, and general distress, reducedÂÂ  self-esteemÂÂ  andÂÂ  confidence, and sometimes disrupted family relationsÂÂ  ((Fryer,1992;Jahoda,1982). Bibliography Barber, G (2002) Social work with addiction.ÂÂ  Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire Berger, G. (1993), Alcoholism and theÂÂ  family.ÂÂ  New York: Franklin Watts Conville, Richard (1998) The meaning of relationship in interpersonal communication.ÂÂ  Praeger Publications.ÂÂ  Califonia. Heider, Fritz (1958) The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations.ÂÂ  LawrenceÂÂ  ErlbaumÂÂ  associates Jahoda, M (1982) Employment and Unemployment (The Psychology of Social Issues).ÂÂ  Cambridge University Press Knatz, H (1999) Getting on Oxford Books.Oxford Levinger, G. (1983).ÂÂ  Development and change.ÂÂ  Freeman and Company.San Francisco. Manstead, Antony S. R. and Miles Hewstone (1996).ÂÂ  The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Psychology.ÂÂ  Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Maslow, Abraham.(1954) Motivation and personality.ÂÂ  Harper and Row, New York. Steele, CM (1985) TheÂÂ  psychologyÂÂ  of drunken excess.ÂÂ  London Press, London. West, Robert (2001) TheÂÂ  theoryÂÂ  of addiction.ÂÂ  Blackwell publishing, Oxford. The principle areas of social , administration and social workstudies include health issues and administration, employment services,community care, housing needs, crime prevention, disability checks,unemployment concerns, mental health, old age as well as social issues of raceor gender and poverty (Drake, 2001). Social work practice focuses on dealing with the problems of service users. The maintenance and improvement of their social, physical, and mental states is often dependent upon the effectiveness of social work intervention. (Miller, 2005) ÂÂ  Providing appropriatesocial services is an important target of social care policy and social policyin general (Adams, 2003). Welfare is general well being of individualsand when provided by the State, refers to a form of social security or social protectionthat aims to protect people from conditions such as sickness, ill health,diseases and poverty (Malin et al 2002) Social work practice has, over the years, become integral to Britains working life and current estimates put the number of active social workers in the country at significantly more than one million. (Parrott, 2002) Social work practice focuses on dealing with the problems of service users. The maintenance and improvement of their social, physical, and mental states is often dependent upon the effectiveness of social work intervention. (Miller, 2005) Users of social work services are largely economically and/or socially disadvantaged, and the vulnerabilities, which arise from these circumstances, frequently contribute to the nature of their relationships with service providers. (Miller, 2005) Social work makes use of a broad range of knowledge and incorporates information obtained from several disciplines; it empowers social workers in practice to use their acquired knowledge and skills first to engage service users and then to bring about positive changes in undesirable emotional states and behavioural attitudes, or in positions of social disempowerment. (Miller, 2005) ÂÂ  Social work makes use of a range of skills, methods, and actions that are aligned to its holistic concentration on individuals and their environments. (Harris, 2002) Counselling, whilst being a catch-all term, used for describing of various professions, is, an important component of social work practice. (Rowland, 1993) Specific counselling approaches have been developed to assist people with problems related to substance abuse, gluttony and for giving up smoking. (Pease Fook, 1999) In some areas of counselling, which deal with addiction, for example, with users of hard drugs, counsellors engaged in social work practice, function side by side, with sets of legal restrictions and moral issues. (Pease Fook, 1999)ÂÂ  

Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill’s The Astrakhan Cloak Essay -- Astrakhan Cloak

Nuala NÃ ­ Dhomhnaill’s The Astrakhan Cloak The Astrakhan Cloak, published in 1992, is a collection of poems by Nuala NÃ ­ Dhomhnaill. Several aspects of the book deserve notice from the reader, including structural and thematic elements that work to develop an overall sense of mystery, wonder, and loss. A significant theme of the poems in the collection is the dichotomy of the supernatural and civilized worlds, and the sense that there are forces in the world just beyond our perception and understanding. In general the poems presented are short, but the final inclusion is a longer poem divided into sections, each somewhat able stand on its own. Read as a whole the final poem underscores the central themes presented in the book. NÃ ­ Dhomhnaill wrote the collection in Irish, but translations are provided on the facing pages. It is important to consider why the book was published in both languages. At the simplest level, the poet wanted people to read her work, and the market for poetry in English is larger than that in Irish. However, there are other considerations to keep in mind. First, the decision to print poems in both Irish and English brings to the mind of the reader some of the mystery inherent in other languages, especially the supernatural connotations of Celtic language. Viewing the poems in Irish reinforces the idea that some things are outside the realm of human understanding. Reading a translation is not the same as reading an original work; the reader cannot help but wonder what meaning the foreign words might carry that is lost in translation. That constant reminder throughout the collection enhances the sense of there being something just beyond perception that is beautiful and mysterious. Many of the poem... ...section of The Voyage, Two Men, tells of an encounter with the "Isle of Enchantment", Hy-Breasil. When the sailors in the poem encounter the island, they are caught up in "the relative merits of coal or clod", symbolizing the obsession with the everyday world, while "the island itself was covered by a blanket of cloud/and completely disappeared from view." (103) Finally, the island, and all the supernatural wonder it represents is lost, outside the reach of humanity. Â   Works Cited Ellmann, Richard and O'Clair, Robert, ed. The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, Second Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1988. NÃ ­ Dhomhnaill, Nuala. The Astrakhan Cloak. Trans. Paul Muldoon. Loughcrew: The Gallery Press, 1992 "astrakhan." Encyclopedia Britanicca Online Dictionary [Accessed 11 November 2004].

Biomedical And Biopsychosocial Models Health And Social Care Essay

Health may be defined as ‘the absence of disease and infirmary ‘ ( Stroebe, 2000 ) or instead ‘not simply an absence of disease or infirmary but a province of complete physical, mental and societal wellbeing ( World Health Organisation, 1948 ) . One definition more luxuriant than the other, the latter proposing wellness is effected by other factors that can non be physically measured. Since the start of development people have looked back to seek to explicate and understand the factors that influence human maps in relation to wellness and unwellness. Many theoreticians developed positions and theoretical accounts of wellness in order to demo wellness professionals how to advance and better wellness in society ( Wade & A ; Halligan, 2004 ) . Two changing theoretical accounts of wellness, unwellness and disease will be discussed in this essay and how they could be applied to Dietetics. These theoretical accounts are the biomedical theoretical account and the biopsychosocial theoretical account. The usage of one theoretical account over another in health care will be reflected on and the one most suited for usage in Dieteticss will be highlighted. The biomedical theoretical account of illness dressed ores on the physical and biological traits of disease, and to bring around these traits will bring around disease ( Engel, 1977 ) . Biomedical theoreticians have a dualist belief in that the organic structure is a machine merely apprehensible subjectively by its compartments, separate from the head ( Morrisson & A ; Bennet, 2006 ) . Much scientific discipline today stemmed from cognition of physical diseases from old ages ago that were treated rapidly and expeditiously utilizing regulations and principles for intervention, with the ensuing effect being remedy, control or decease. This biomedical theoretical account of wellness dominated health care in the past century as all disease was thought to stem from cellular abnormalcies ( Wade & A ; Halligan, 2004 ) . It was exclusionist in its signifier in that those who suffered from assorted societal divergence upsets, societal accommodations reactions, character upsets, and dependence syndromes would be excluded from mental unwellness as these upsets arise in those with integral neurophysiological operation ( Engel, 1977 ) . So what were the effects of those who did non suit into this class? Unfortunately many were disregarded and ignored, or more highly in the 1700 ‘s daze tactics were used to convey them back to being ‘normal ‘ ( Bernstein & A ; Nash, 2008 ) . Alternatively following in a similar model of the WHO ‘s definition of wellness, the biopsycholsocial theoretical account of wellness incorporates biological, psychological and sociocultural factors that contribute to person ‘s wellness. It was Sigmund Freud who foremost looked at a individual ‘s behavior in the 1920 ‘s and investigated how it may reflect their wellness position ; although grounds was limited it built the land work for interesting surveies that would associate personality to disease ( Morrisson & A ; Bennett, 2006 ) . Convincingly, today, it is thought two-thirds of our behavior can be linked to our wellness ( Morrisson & A ; Bennet, 2006 ) . The biopsychosocial theoretical account is both nonsubjective and subjective in its application. With this, a humanistic attack can be taken and it is thought that behavior upsets appear when self-actualisation is blocked. The dietitian utilizing this theoretical account would look at a individual ‘s life style, and societal and cultural factors that affect the person ‘s wellness behavior. Reasons behind this behavior can be established and methods for altering it to better wellness can be established. Dietary appraisal encourages the dietitian to place with the patient potency and existent wellness jobs. While some jobs will be linked to specific medical conditions e.g. Chron ‘s Disease, others will be specific to persons, their psychological science and their societal and cultural position e.g. fleshiness ( Aggelton & A ; Chalmers, 2000 ) . In making this the patient is more likely to grok and accept the advice and hence comply with intervention. If a biomedical theoretical account of appraisal was used, a dietician would be more interested in what is medically incorrect with the patient, focal point on marks and symptoms, and jobs that arise from unwellness that can be solved. The dietitian would give a general list of regulations for the corpulent patient to follow with to cut down their weight in a general hierarchal mode. Important inquiries such as, does the patient understand? Can they afford a healthier diet? and what resources do they necessitate to assist command farther deductions of their disease? would finally be neglected. As one can see, the patient would hold small or no duty of the cause of unwellness and therefore is classed as a victim of circumstance who becomes a inactive receiver of intervention by utilizing a biomedical theoretical account in audiences ( Wade & A ; Halligan, 2004 ) . Engel ( 1977 ) supported the thought of utilizing a biopsychosocial theoretical account in health care so as to give attention and intervention holistically to patients. He suggests that by incorporating an unwellness into person ‘s life and demoing them solutions to jobs that may originate encourages a patient to see how they can get by with their unwellness or disease. In a infirmary the map of a multidisciplinary squad is to see a disease from every subjects point of position and to demo how each subject can lend to the patient ‘s single attention and symptom direction when populating with their unwellness. This coaction of thoughts will look at medical, societal, psychological, cultural, and physical facets of attention. The patient is more likely to prosecute and follow with intercessions if they are happy with their intervention and the practicians involved ( Stroebe, 2000 ) . However when utilizing the biomedical theoretical account and puting orders for the patient, a patient-dietitian relationship may be effected which will do strain on the overall patient result, e.g. if a patient ‘s concerns are neglected by a dietitian they are less likely to follow with intervention and more likely to acquire stressed on seeing that dietitian ( Engel, 1977 ) . Increase in stress degrees like this can increase blood sugar degrees and blood for ce per unit area during a hospital stay therefore impacting a patient ‘s length of stay in infirmary. The grounds suggests that a individual ‘s emotional province ever reflects their map and presentation of symptoms, therefore utilizing a biomedical theoretical account in appraisal can take to a practician disregarding possible path causes of a patients job ( Stroebe, 2000 ) . A instance in point is eating upsets. There are so many avenues that contribute to an eating upset and no individual cause or symptoms can take to diagnosis but a complex twine of symptoms that will take to a summational diagnosing ( National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, 2010 ) . A biopsychosocial theoretical account of wellness would assist the practician to look beyond the patient posing in forepart of them into the assorted factors in that patient ‘s life and how this may impact their eating wonts and forms. By diging farther into this patient ‘s life the practician could acquire a broad image of behavioral, psychological, cultural and environmental influences on these patients eating wonts. It is recommended in this state of affairs, being really complex, a practician would necessitate a assortment of motivational interviewing accomplishments and have knowledge of cognitive behavioral therapy ( American Dietetic Association, 2001 ) . Alternatively, if a dietician was to utiliz e a biomedical theoretical account of wellness many issues would be left untreated as merely the job of weight loss and malnutrition would be managed, when it is scientifically proved that many other emotional complexnesss play a polar function in eating upsets ( ADA, 2001 ) . It could so be summarised so, that from a traditional point of position, utilizing a biomedical theoretical account does non let one to look to cut down mortality rates but instead partly contributes to betterments in health care together with other factors such as life style, nutrition, emotions and sanitation. On the other manus by utilizing a biopsychosocial theoretical account one can look at wellness publicity and primary bar of unwellnesss and disease ( Stroebe, 2000 ) . The WHO ( 2005 ) offer 10 major life style subscribers to over half of the universe ‘s deceases these include, smoking, high cholesterin, high blood force per unit area, intoxicant and fleshiness. Consequently by utilizing a biopsychosocial theoretical account of wellness a dietician can foreground subscribers of ill-health for a patient at high hazard of developing complications or disease. The Dietitian is in a place to assist the patient cut down this hazard and derive control of their ain wellness, i. e. self-efficacy, through behaviour alteration techniques. From the literature it is apparent to see that utilizing a biopsychosocial theoretical account of health care incorporates the doctrines of a biomedical theoretical account nevertheless, the former has wider entreaty in that it examines more than biological factors associated with unwellness and disease. By utilizing a biopsychosocial theoretical account one would anticipate to, highlight countries in health care that need to better, place topographic points where wellness publicity needs to be established, and set up the best patient attention possible. Although it is non possible to wholly pretermit the biomedical theoretical account, after all, it did lead theoreticians to farther surveies and assist our health care system find remedies for specific diseases in the early centuries. However as clip goes by research improves and with that health care should better. As a consequence of all these findings, one can so reason that a biopsychosocial theoretical account of wellness would be better suited to Dietetic pattern. This attack allows one to reflect on single patients and their demands, and besides emphasises Dietitians duties as health care professionals to supply holistic grounds based attention.

How to Conjugate the Verb Leggere in Italian

How to Conjugate the Verb Leggere in Italian Conjugate and use the Italian verb leggere, which means to read, through conjugation tables and examples. It’s an irregular verb, so it does not follow the typical -ere verb ending pattern.It’s a transitive verb, so it takes a direct object.The infinito is â€Å"leggere.†The participio passato is â€Å"letto.The gerund form is â€Å"leggendo.†The past gerund form is â€Å"avendo letto.† Indicativo/Indicative Il presente io leggo noi leggiamo tu leggi voi leggete lui, lei, Lei legge essi, Loro leggono Esempi: Martina legge molto. - Martina reads a lot.Tutti gli alunni di terza leggono autonomamente. - All third grade students read independently. Il passato prossimo io ho letto noi abbiamo letto tu hai letto voi avete letto lui, lei, Lei, ha letto essi, Loro hanno letto Esempi: Ho letto su Repubblica che domani ci sar un grande sciopero. - I read on Repubblica that tomorrow there will be a big strike.Avete gi letto il menà ¹? - Have you already read the menu? L’imperfetto io leggevo noi leggevamo tu leggevi voi leggevate lui, lei, Lei leggeva essi, Loro leggevano Ad esempio: Mi ricordo quando ero piccolo e mi leggevi le storie della buonanotte. - I remember when I was little, and you used to read me bedtime stories.Gli studenti leggevano un capitolo della Divina Commedia al giorno. - Students used to read one chapter from the Divina Commedia per day. Il trapassato prossimo io avevo letto noi avevamo letto tu avevi letto voi avevate letto lui, lei, Lei aveva letto essi, Loro avevano letto Ad esempio: Avevo letto tutti i libri di Harry Potter prima dei 10 anni. - I had read all the Harry Potter’s book before I turned 10.Giulia aveva letto un’ottima recensione su questo posto. - Giulia had read a really good review about this place. Il passato remoto io lessi noi leggemmo tu leggesti voi leggeste lui, lei, Lei lesse essi, Loro lessero Ad esempio: A: Ti ricordi quando leggemmo quelle storie dell’orrore? - Do you remember when we read those horror stories?B: Si, mi ricordo! Io lessi la pià ¹ spaventosa. - Yes, I do remember! I read the scariest. Il trapassato remoto io ebbi letto noi avemmo letto tu avesti letto voi aveste letto lui, lei, Lei ebbe letto essi, Loro ebbero letto Tip This tense is rarely used, so don’t worry too much about mastering it. You’ll find it in very sophisticated writing. Il futuro semplice io leggerà ² noi leggeremo tu leggerai voi leggerete lui, lei, Lei legger essi, Loro leggeranno Ad esempio: Leggerai il biglietto che ti ho lasciato? - Will you read the card I left you?Alla fine della recita i bambini leggeranno una poesia di Rodari. - At the end of the recital, our kids are going to read a poem by Rodari. Il futuro anteriore io avrà ² letto noi avremo letto tu avrai letto voi avrete letto lui, lei, Lei avr letto essi, Loro avranno letto Ad esempio: Avranno letto le istruzioni prima di montare il tavolo? - Will they have read the instructions before putting the table together ? Congiuntivo/Subjunctive Il presente che io legga che noi leggiamo che tu legga che voi leggiate che lui, lei, Lei legga che essi, Loro leggano Ad esempio: Spero che tu legga molto nella tua vita, imparerai un sacco di cose! - I hope you read a lot in your life, you’ll learn many things. Il passato io abbia letto noi abbiamo letto tu abbia letto voi abbiate letto lui, lei, egli abbia letto essi, Loro abbiano letto Ad esempio: È molto scossa. Credo che abbia letto qualcosa di brutto! - She’s really upset. I think she read something bad! L’imperfetto io leggessi noi leggessimo tu leggessi voi leggeste lui, lei, egli leggesse essi, Loro leggessero Ad esempio: Ho sempre sperato che tu leggessi la mia lettera d’amore. - I’ve always wished you read my love letter. Il trapassato prossimo io avessi letto noi avessimo letto tu avessi letto voi aveste letto lui, lei, Lei avesse letto essi, Loro avessero letto Ad esempio: Avrei comprato quel vestito se solo avessi letto il prezzo!! - I would have bought that dress if only I had read the price!! CONDIZIONALE/CONDITIONAL Il presente io leggerei noi leggeremmo tu leggeresti voi leggereste lui, lei, Lei leggerebbe essi, Loro leggerebbero Ad esempio: Leggerei se non fossi cosà ¬ stanco! - I would read if I weren’t so tired! Il passato io avrei letto noi avremmo letto tu avresti letto voi avreste letto lui, lei, egli avrebbe letto essi, Loro avrebbero letto Ad esempio: Se l’avessimo saputo prima avremmo letto il programma. - If we had known it before, we would have read the program.